Significance of the French Revolution to English Romanticism


- Old Order: Monarchy, Clergy, God; New order: liberty, fraternity, equality


- French Revolution accomplished by Spectacular Means:

Revolution

Literature

1776 American Revolution

Thomas Paine, Common Sense

14 July 1789 Storming of Bastille

William Blake, Songs of Innocence

1790 People of Paris force royal family to leave Versailles and take up residence in city

Helen Maria Williams, Letters Written in France, in the Summer of 1790

1791

Thomas Paine, The Rights of Man

September Massacre 1792

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792); Elizabeth Inchbald, The Massacre

1.1793: Louis XVI beheaded; France and England at War

Thomas Paine's exile, The Age of Reason (1792-95)

10. 1793: Marie Antoinette beheaded – Part of mass Terror , counter-revolution, and ensuing culture of paranoid surveillance

Helen Maria Williams, Letters from France (1792-96)

Briefly enacted some reforms (later revoked) such as divorce, product of civil marriage, abolishment of slavery (Independence of Haiti)

William Godwin, An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (1791/93)

1792/93 Preemptive strike against France’s “aristocratic enemies,” starting with Austria and their allies, the Prussians, and eventually including the English and Spanish as well as most of northern Europe and Italy


1794: Robespierre, leader of Jacobin/revolutionary faction, beheaded

William Blake, Songs of . . . Experience

Through 1799: rise of Napoleon as general and first Consul



Napoleon takes charge emperor; 1803-1815: Napoleonic Wars

Peninsular Campaign (1811): English navy supports defense of Spain and Portugal vs. Napoleon


Battle of Waterloo (1815): Allied (British [Wellington], Prussian, Austrian, Russian) army defeats Napoleon





England and [its own] Revolution:


•    Magna Carta in 1215

•    England = site of Great Revolution and a regicide (Charles I, 1688)

•    France / England close geographically – many romantic writers traveled to France and saw the Revolution happening

•    Active suppression in England of texts that support revolutionary changes (Paine)

•    Proto-feminist movement (M. Wollstonecraft)

•    When, under Napoleon, French brought back slavery it helped to bolster English abolitionist movement

•    English at war with France off and on as a consequence of Revolution and then Napoleon between 1793 and 1815 (Waterloo); War of 1812 (vs. America)

•    Later in 19th century – democratic reform movements repressed (Peterloo Massacre 1819)

•    1832 Reform Act



The Age of Big Personalities / Egos:


Napoleon Bonaparte

Jean-Paul Marat (The Friend of the People)

The Death of Marat

Jacques Louis David, La Mort de Marat (1793, oil on canvas, Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Brussels)

Danton

Robespierre

Charlotte Corday


Marie Antoinette


Ludwig van Beethoven

>> Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats, Byron, Shelley, and Blake <<


Other Reasons Why We Still Care:

•    larger view of French Revolution : a disappointment in ‘failure’ of Enlightenment values

•    Marxist view of French Revolution: violence is justified, but the middle class or bourgeois whites became the new elite

•    Birth of secular society  


Romantic Human Rights:

Rights of Man > of Woman > of all Races and Creeds: the “Levelers”



Abolitionism in England:

1754: Philadelphia Quakers come out against slavery

1783: Quakers unsuccessfully petition Parliament for abolition

1785: Clarkson’s essay, On the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species, wins an award at Cambridge University

1787: Society for the Abolition in Slave Trade (Bristol and Liverpool)

1789: Equiano’s Interesting Narrative

1791: Sugar Boycott

1793: Wilberforce’s failed bill to abolish slave trade

1806: Abolition of slave trade

1808: Clarkson, History of . . . the Abolition of the African Slave-Trade

1823: Anti-Slavery Society (Wilberforce, Clarkson)

1831: Mary Prince’s History

1832: Reform Act creates more English voters

1833: Gradual emancipation of slaves; owners compensated 20 million pounds by government


1. What arguments does Clarkson lay out in favor of abolitionism?


2.  What counterargument did plantation owners and slave traders employ? (203-05)


3. What does the mother teach her son? What does the little black boy in turn teach the English boy?


 4. What irony do you detect in “The Little Black Boy”?


5. What effect does the child’s perspective in Songs of Innocence have on readers?