BIBLIOGRAPHY ON INDUS CIV., ARYANS, ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY/ARCHEOLOGY, 
RECENT AND NOT-SO-RECENT ACADEMIC DEBATES

Linda Hess

Compiled from fall 1996 discussion on RISA-L, electronic discussion list 
for the American Academy of Religion's Religion in South Asia Section. Some 
comments from the List discussion are included.  This biblio isn't perfect, 
in either form or content.  It is occasionally updated, with new 
information or corrections.  (Last update: 12-2-96)

Allchin, Bridget and Raymond Allchin.  The rise of civilization in India 
and Pakistan. Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1982.

Allchin, B., F.R. Allchin, B.K. Thapar, editors. Conservation of the Indian 
heritage. New Delhi, India : Cosmo Publications, 1989.

Allchin, F. Raymond. The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: the 
emergence of cities and states, with contributions from George Erdosy ... 
[et al.].  Cambridge : New York, NY, USA : Cambridge University Press, 
1995.

Allchin, F.R.  See also Possehl 1995.       

Balmuth, Miriam "Searching for the Origins of Indo-European Languages" in 
Journal of Interdisciplinary History 20 (1989) pp, 257-62.

Converse, H. S. "The Agnicayana Rite: Indigenous Origin?" in  History of 
Religions IV.2 (Nov. 1974), pp.81-95.
	Good for introducing the kind of thinking that has to be done with the 
 archeological data at hand [Dennis Hudson].

Crossland, Ronald,  "When specialists collide: archaeology and 
Indo-European linguistics" in Antiquity 66 (1992) pp. 251-54.

Deo, S, B & Kamath Surynath eds, 'The Aryan Problem' Pune: Bharatiya 
Itihasa Sankalana Samiti, 1993.
	If nothing else, this publication gives an idea of how widespread the 
reconsideration of the external origin of the Aryans has become in India. 
[E. Bryant]

Deshpande, Madhav M. and Peter Edwin Hook, eds.  Aryan and non-Aryan in 
India.  Ann Arbor:  Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, The 
University of Michigan, 1979.  Michigan papers on South and SE Asia; no. 
14.

Dyson, Robert.  See Possehl 1995.

Elizarenkova, Tatyana J, ed.  Language and style of the Vedic Rsis, with an 
introduction by Wendy Doniger. Albany : State University of New York, 1995.
I have my doubts about the usefulness of the archaeological record in 
general when it comes to things Vedic (cf. refs to Rau and Elizarenkova). 
[G. Thompson]

Erdosy, George ed., The Indo-Aryans of Ancient south Asia: Language, 
Material Culture and Ethnicity (Berlin, New York: de Gruyter, 1995).  
articles by Erdosy, K.A. R. Kennedy, M. Deshpande, M. Witzel, J. Shaffer.

Erdosy, George. Urbanisation in early historic India (Oxford, B.A.R., 
1988).

Feuerstein,  Georg, Subhash Kak, and David Frawley.  In Search of the 
Cradle of Civilization. Wheaton, Illinois: Quest Books, 1995.   Also in 
short form, "In Search of the Cradle of Civilization: New Light on Ancient 
India," article in recent Yoga Journal.

Flood, Gavin.  An Introduction to Hinduism.  Cambridge University Press, 
1996.  [P. Olivelle says best intro currently available, and pays sensitive 
attention to the Aryan/IVC question as well as modern issues.]

Frawley, David.  Gods, Sages and Kings.  Salt Lake City: Passage Press, 
1991; New Delhi: Voice of India, 1993.

Frawley, David. "On the Banks of the Saraswati: The ancient history of
India revised." The Quest, Autumn 1992, 22-30. 
	Uses evidence of the Saraswati river and astronomical data from the 
Vedas to prove that Aryans have been in India forever, well at least 7500 
BCE. [V. Narayanan]

Frawley, David. The Myth of the Aryan Invasion of India. New Delhi: Voice 
of India, 1994.  More Frawley: Hinduism Today, Dec. 1994 vol. 16/no. 12. 	
Summarizes Kak, Frawley and others; gives timeline paying special attention 
to astronomical details. Hinduism Today,  Nov. 1991 "Invasion or 
Indigenous?" [V. Narayanan]   [ Some of this material also available 
through http://zeta.cs.adfa.oz.au/Spirit/Veda/myth-of-invasion.html ] 

Frawley, David with N.S.Rajaram. Vedic Aryans and the Origins of 
Civilization. New Delhi: Voice of India, 1996.

Frawley, David.  See also co-authored work under Feuerstein.

Garrett, Andrew.  "Indo-European reconstruction and historical 
methodologies" in Language 67 (1991) pp. 790-804.

Gila-Kochanowski, Vania de. Aryan and Indo-Aryan migrations/ tr. by L. 
Regnier in Diogenes v. 149 (Spring, 1990) pp. 122-45

Gupta, S. P.  Archaeology of Soviet Central Asia and the Indian 
borderlands.  foreword, V. A. Ranov. Delhi : B.R. Pub. Corp.; New Delhi : 
D.K. Publishers' Distributors,1979.2 v.

Gupta, S. P.  The Indus-Saraswati Civilization.  Delhi: Pratibha Prakashan, 
1996.

Kak, S.C.  A frequency analysis of the Indus script.  Cryptologia,  vol. 
12, 1988, 129-43.
 
Kak, S.C.  The Astronomical Code of the Rigveda.  Puratattva: Bulletin of 
the Indian Archaeological Society, Number 25, 1994/5, 1-20.

Kak, S.C.  On the classification of Indic languages. Annals of the 
Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, vol. 75, 1994, pp. 185-195.

Kak, S.C.  The astronomy of the age of geometric altars. Quarterly Journal 
of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 36,  1995, pp. 385-396.

Kak, S.C.  An Indus-Sarasvati signboard. Cryptologia, vol. 20, 1996, pp. 
275-279.

Kak, S.C.  See also co-authored work under Feuerstein.  

Lal, B.B. & Gupta S.P, eds.  Frontiers of the Indus Civilization. New 
Delhi: Books and Books, 1984. Includes Lal's "Some Reflections on the 
Structural Remains at Kalibangan."

Lal, B.B.  See also Possehl 1995.

Lochtefeld, Jim.  A very interesting article on Hindutva in the Spring 
(96?) issue of the journal RELIGION.  

Lukacs, John ed.  The People of South Asia.  N.Y & London: Plenum Press, 
1984.  Includes article by J. Shaffer. 

Menon, Shanti.  "Archeology Watch: Chariot Racers of the Steppes."  
Discover, April 1995, short and magazine-style readable. (No page numbers 
in my copy.)  Features the research of David Anthony, archeologist from 
Hartwick College, NY. [V. Narayanan] 

Misra, S.S. The Aryan problem, a linguistic approach.  N. Delhi: Munshiram 
Manoharlal, 1992.

Misra, S.S.  The Avestan : a historical and comparative grammar.1st ed.  
Varanasi : Chaukhambha Orientalia, 1979. Chaukhambha oriental research 
studies; no. 13.

Misra, S.S.  A comparative grammar of Sanskrit, Greek and Hittite. With a 
foreword by Suniti Kumar Chatterji.  Calcutta, World Press, 1968.

Misra, S.S.  The laryngeal theory : a critical evaluation / Satya Swarup 
Misra.  1st ed.  Varanasi : Chaukhambha Orientalia, 1977.

Misra, S.S.  New lights on Indo-European comparative Varanasi: Manisha 
Prakashan, 1975. Manisha oriental research series ; no. 1.

Misra, S.S.  The Old-Indo-Aryan, a historical & comparative.  Varanasi : 
Ashutosh Prakashan Sansthan, 1991-1993.

Misra, S.S.  Fresh light on Indo-European classification and chronology. 
Varanasi : Ashutosh Prakashan Sansthan, 1980.

Mitchiner, John E. Studies in the Indus Valley Inscription.  New Delhi:  
Oxford, 1978.

Nayak, B.U. and N.C. Ghosh, eds.  New Trends in Indian Art and Archaeology. 
New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan 1992.

Pal, Yash, et al.  "Remote Sensing of the 'Lost' Sarasvati," in B.B. Lal & 
S.P. Gupta, Frontiers of the Indus Civilization (see above).  

Parpola, Asko.  Prof. Parpola sent a list of his important works for this 
bibliography, with comments:

Parpola, Asko, 1988. The coming of the Aryans to Iran and India and the 
cultural and ethnic identity of the Dasas. Studia Orientalia 64: 195-302. 
Helsinki. (This paper was reprinted, without my permission and in fact 
against my express wish to the contrary, in the International Journal of 
Dravidian Linguistics, without mentioning the original place of publication 
and with unindicated deletions.) This paper is now partially antiquated, as 
my views have been evolving with new evidence and continued deliberation. 
Successive revisions which however do not repeat much material of the above 
article that I still subscribe to are: 

Parpola, Asko, 1993. Margiana and the Aryan problem. Information Bulletin 
of the International Association for the Study of the Cultures of Central 
Asia 19: 41-62. Moscow. 

Parpola, Asko, 1994.  Deciphering the Indus Script. Cambridge and New York: 
Cambridge University Press. Pp. 142-159 =3D chapters 8.4 The coming of the 
Aryans, and 8.5 The horse argument. 

Parpola, Asko, 1995. The problem of the Aryans and the Soma: The 
archaeological evidence. Pp. 353-381 in: George Erdosy (ed.), The 
Indo-Aryans of ancient South Asia: Language, material culture and ethnicity 
(see above).  

Parpola, Asko, in press. Formation of the Aryan branch of Indo-European. 
In: Roger Blench and Matthew Spriggs (eds.), Language and Archaeology, vol. 
3: Combining archaeological and linguistic aspects of the past. London: 
Routledge. (Paper read at World Archaeological Congress 3, New Delhi, 4-11 
December 1994.) 

Parpola, Asko, in press. The Aryan languages and archaeology, with an 
excursus on Botaj. In: Bridget and Raymond Allchin (eds.), South Asian 
Archaeology 1995. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Company. (Paper read 
at the conference on South Asian Archaeology held at the University of 
Cambridge, England, in July 1995.) 

Parpola, Asko, in press. (I do not have the exact title at hand.)  To 
appear in: The Journal of Indo-European studies. (Paper read at the 
symposium on Bronze and Iron Age peoples of eastern Central Asia organized 
by Victor H. Mair, University of Pennsylvania, 19-21 April 1996.)

(Following are other works of Prof. Parpola from RISA-L discussion or from 
library catalogs.  He has been publishing on Indus civ. and script as well 
as Aryans and other aspects of ancient Indian history/archeology for about 
30 years.  Pre-1985 publications are not included here.)
 
Parpola, Asko, ed.   Association of South Asian Archaeologists in Western 
Europe. International Conference (12th : 1993 : Helsinski, Finland) South 
Asian Archaeology, 1993 : proceedings.  Helsinki: Suomalainen 
Tiedeakatemia, c1994.

Parpola, Asko & Jagat Pati Joshi, eds., with the assistance of Erja 
Lahdenpera and Virpi Hameen-Anttila.  Corpus of Indus seals and 
inscriptions.  Helsinki : Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1987-<1991>  Memoirs 
of the Archaeological Survey of India ; no. 86. Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemian 
toimituksia. Sarja B ; nide 239,

Parpola, Asko. Deciphering the Indus script.  New York, NY : Cambridge 
Univ. Press, 1994.

Parpola, Asko. The sky-garment : a study of the Harappan religion and its 
relation to the Mesopotamian and later Indian religions / by Asko Parpola. 
 Helsinki : Societas Orientalis Fennica, 1985.Series title:  Studia 
Orientalia 57.

Parpola, Asko & Bent Smidt Hansen, eds.  South Asian religion and society. 
London : Curzon Press ; Riverdale, MD : Riverdale Co., 1986.

Possehl, Gregory, ed. "Harappan Civilization: A Recent Perspective"   2nd 
rev. ed. (New Delhi : American Institute of Indian Studies and Oxford & IBH 
Pub. Co. c1993)
 Includes:  Allchin,"The Legacy of the Indus Civilization"; B.B. Lal, "West 
was West and East was East, but When and How did the Twain Meet?"; Robert 
Dyson, "Paradigm Changes in the Study of the Indus Civilization"; Jim 
Shaffer, "Harappan Culture: A Reconsideration"

Possehl, Gregory.  1996 book on Indus script, exact title not at hand.  
Univ. of Penn. Press.  

S.R. Rao.   Dawn and Devolution of the Indus Civilization.  N. Delhi: 
Aditya Prakashan, 1991.

S.R. Rao.   Lothal and the Indus Civilization. Bombay: Asia Publishing, 
1973.

Rau, Wilhelm.  A whole bunch of stuff in German. 		I have my doubts 
about the usefulness of the archaeological record in general when it comes 
to things Vedic (cf. refs to Rau and Elizarenkova). [G. Thompson]

Renfrew, Colin.  " Origins of Indo-European Language." Scientific American, 
Oct. '89, 106-14.

Renfrew, Colin. Approaches to social archaeology.  Cambridge, Mass. Harvard 
University Press, 1984.

Renfrew, Colin.  Archaeology and language : the puzzle of Indo-European 
origins London : J. Cape, 1987. New York : Cambridge University Press, 1988

Saussure, Ferdinand de.
PhD diss.:  "Memoire sur le systeme primitif des voyelles dans les langues 
indo-europeenes" [Paris: Vieweg, 1887; reprinted 1879]
	It has been excerpted [very briefly] and translated into English by 
WinfredP. Lehmann in his "A Reader in Nineteenth-Century Historical 
Indo-European Linguistics" [Indiana Univ. Press, 1967].
	A lucid and accessible discussion of it [with a refreshingly 
biographical touch] can be found in Emile Benveniste: "Problems in General 
Linguistics" [eng transl. publ. by Univ. of Miami Press, 1971].  Chapter 
Three: "Saussure after Half a Century".
	It might also be interesting for Indologists in general to consult 
Hans Heinrich Hock's "Principles of Historical Linguistics" [Mouton de 
Gruyter, 1986], where a fairly extensive and more technical discussion is 
offered.
	The migration model has been generated by principles that really work. 
 Admittedly, the model is hypothetical.  It exists in that land alluded to 
by Laurie, to the east of the asterisk.  But think of in 1879 applying 
these principles and concluding that there *had* to be a "coefficient 
sonantique", attested in no known language, but necessary nevertheless in 
order to explain IE ablaut.  Of course, a generation later Hittite was 
discovered, and -- guess what -- laryngeals were *right there* where 
Saussure thought that the coefficient sonantique should have been. In his 
skillful hands the principles worked [G. Thompson]

Seidenberg, A. "The Ritual Origin of Geometry" in Archive for Exact 
Science, vol. 1.1, 1960, pp. 488-527.

Seidenberg, A.  "The Origin of Mathematics," in Archive for Exact Science, 
vol. 18, 1978, pp. 301-42.

Sethna, K.D. 'The Problem of Aryan Origins (from an Indian Point of View) 
Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, 1992.
	This 1992 ed (as opposed to the 1980 one), has a 200 pg. supplement 
which meticulously critiques Asko Parpola's speculations on the coming of 
the Aryans into India.  Sethna's book is generally well written and 
provocative.  It is also free from Nationalistic undertones.  [E. Bryant]

Shaffer, James.  See Erdosy 1995, Possehl 1995, Lukacs 1984.

Sharma, G.K. "the horse was buried under the dunes of..." in Puratattva no. 
23, 1922-3 pp 30-34   "a poignant article with a few ref's" [E. Bryant].

Singh, Bhagavan . The Vedic Harappans.  New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, 1995. 
 	Is the Rig so nomadic?  What do we do about ref's to thousand pillared 
houses, thousand doored houses, pillars of copper covered with gold, purs 
made of stone (asanmaya), and of plaster? (dehya) which are prthvi, bahula 
and urvi.  What about ships with a hundred oars and the numerous references 
to boats and maritime trade?  What about the oceanic imagery in cosmology 
and other cosmic references? Is this compatible with a nomadic tribesmen 
who had never seen the ocean? I will defer to G. on this, for the time 
being, but would be curious as to his (or anyone's) opinion on a book 
recently published called 'The Vedic Harappans' by Bhagavan Singh, New 
Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, 1995.  It seems that if we look for nomadic Aryans 
in the Rig, we will come away with a nomadic reading of the text.   Singh, 
at least, has not shared those assumptions. Extracting all the words from 
the Rig dealing with material culture (which result in sizeable lists) his 
reading  is of a culture fully aware of urbanity and pastoralism 
simultaneously--just like India today.  I haven't had time to check all his 
references yet, so I cannot give an informed opinion as to his accuracy.  
[E. Bryant]

Talageri, Shrikant. Aryan Invasion Theory and Indian Nationalism. New 
Delhi: Voice of India, 1993.
	Talageri is explicitly of the Hindutva camp, and the first part of his 
book can be critiqued accordingly.  The rest of his work, though, reveals a 
very keen mind examining the 'evidence' upon which the Aryan invasion 
theory was put together and merits a response in kind (he is at his worst, 
I should note, when he tries to propose Maharashtra as the IE homeland). 
[E. Bryant]

Talbot, Cynthia. "History, Ethnicity, and Identity: Who is Indian?" paper
presented at Univ of Texas South Asia Seminar, March 28, 1996.  Abstract 
(and maybe the rest by now?) is on the U of Texas Asian Studies website.  	
	I would echo Talbot's words: "Rather than summarily dismissing the 
revisionist historiography [concerned with the medieval Hindu-Muslim 
encounter and the question of India's protohistory]...I urge professional 
historians to seize this opportunity to ressess the premises of the 
standard historiography." [Leslie Orr]

Thapar, Romila.  From Lineage To State.  New Delhi, 1984.
	I spent several weeks last spring reading through all the Arya 
controversy literature that I could lay my hands on--including all the 
titles specified thus far in your mailings.  I think that Romila Thapar has 
done the best job so far of sifting through the evidence.  [Nancy Falk]

Thapar, Romila.  Interpreting Early India  (Delhi:  Oxford University 
Press, 1993).  
	Nancy adds an important point about Thapar, and she reminds me that I 
have found Thapar's work actually quite good for pedagogical purposes on 
this issue.  I have assigned Thapar's essay, "Imagined Religious 
Communities?" and "Ideology and the Interpretation of Early Indian History" 
in a collection of her essays, **Interpreting Early India** (Delhi:  Oxford 
University Press, 1993), at the END of classes on early Indian religious 
history.  These two essays in particular are quite helpful because they do 
present some of the counter-evidence in some simple, straightforward ways. 
They raise the issue of identifying race with language, BOTH in terms of 
Orientalist and communalist historiographies of Aryan identities.  For that 
sort of even-handedness it is quite helpful in classes.  And she agrees 
with Dyson in questioning the usefulness of the invasion hypthesis, but for 
political, not archaeological, reasons.  She argues in **From Lineage to 
State** (New Delhi, 1984) that there is a kind of symbiotic
relationship between Aryan and non-Aryan, with an adoption of vocabulary, 
linguistic structures, technologies and religious practices in a bi-lingual 
situation.
        But I would argue for assigning these essays by Thapar at the end 
of a class, or a section on this material, not at the beginning.  The 
essays expect a lot of historiographical sophistication--sometimes 
problematic for the beginning student. Much of the intriguing points she 
makes would NOT be lost on the student who is a little more familiar with 
issues of representing India, etc.  [Laurie Patton]

Thappar, B.K. "Kalibangan: A Harappan Metropolis beyond the Indus Valley" 
in Expedition,17.2 (1975) 19-33.
	I was unable to recognize the fire altars that he depicted.  I tried 
without success to obtain further photos from him, and to my knowledge he 
has not published any more on the subject. What he did publish did not 
resemble (at least not very easily) any Vedic fire altars that could be 
recognized from the 'Srautasuutras. Nevertheless, it is possible, if not 
likely, that he is correct. [Fred Smith]

	On horse controversy (from larger discussion), E. Bryant: I mentioned 
previously that, due to the politicization of this whole issue. . .  a 
Hungarian horse bone specialist was called in to examine the specimens in 
Surkotada.  He confirmed that they were equus caballus Linn.  I would have 
to add, now, that a prominent archaeologist (who asked to remain unnamed on 
the list) informed me yesterday that this identifi-cation has been rejected 
by Meadows.  I'll have to hunt down the article.  Of course, one would have 
to allow the Hungarian specialist, Sandor Bokonyi, to defend his 
identification, but I had not been aware of any controversy on these 
particular findings, at least, which there now evidently is.