/ 87 / FOOTNOTES

1. Sir Alexander Grant Bart, Xenophon. (Ancient Classics for English Readers), p. 100.

1. Plato, Apology, 17D. he was approximately seventy at the time of the trial. Crito, 52E.

2. Plato, Theaet, 149 A.

3. Third century writer, Timon of Phlius, in a satiric poem speaks of Socrates as the son of a worker in stone.

4. Plut., Pericles, II.

5. Life of Marcellus, ch. 17; trans., Perrin, Loeb. Quoted by Farrington, Science and Society, Vol. II, No. 4, p. 439.

6. Paus, I, 22, 8: IX, 36; Diog. Laert., II, 19. Cf. Also scholiast on Aristophanes’ Clouds, 773.

7. Plato, Euthy., II, B.

8. A.E. Taylor, Socrates, p. 32.

9. Ibid., p. 32.

10. Two passages from The Republic may be noted; 495D and 522B.

11. Taylor, Socrates, pp. 78-9.

12. Hesiod, Works and Days, 201-11.

13. Plut., Solon, I 1.

14. Frag. 2. (Teubner ed.: trans., Freeman.)

15. Listed as frag. 3 in the trans. of Freeman.

16. Diels Vors.⁵ 12B1. Eng. trans. from Burnet’s Early Gk. Phil., p.54.

17. Greek Philosophy Thales to Plato. For this exposition Dinnik has for authority the explicit account of Diog. L., 9. 50; Sextus Emp., Adv. Phys. 1, 2x6. Loeb edit.

18. Plato, Rep., 492 A ff. Trans., Jowett.

19. Gorgias, 481 D ff.

20. Gorgias, 491 E ff.

/ 88 /

21. Phaedo, 96A-100A. Trans., Jowett.

22. See Grundy's discussion, Great Persian War, pp. 166-170. Herod., VL 124.

23. Plut., Pericles, 16.

24. II, 14.

25. Socrates, pp. 50, 51. Plut., Pericles, 8.

26. Diels, op. cit., 59B17. Quoted by Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy,² p. 302.

27. Diels, op. cit., 59B10.

28. Diels, op. cit., 59B4

29. Diels, op. cit., 59B4, 151.

30. Diels, op. cit., 59B8, 155 E.

31. Diels, op. cit., 59B20.

32. Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy,² p.305-

33. Ed. Bywater. Frag. 62.

34. Diels, op. cit., 59BI2.

35. Dicls, op. cit., 59BI3.

36. Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy,² (Nos. 12, 13, 14), pp. 301-2. Diels, op. cit., 59B12, 13, 14-

37. Phaedo, 96A ff.

38. Mem., 1, 6-14

39. Ibid., IV, 7. 2-6.

40. Ibid., I, 1. 12.

41. Ibid., I, 1. 11.

42. Ibid., IV, 7. 2-4.

43. Socrates, p. 56.

44. Theophrastus, Phys. Opin. fr- 4-

45. Aristoxenus, A. P. Mueller, Frag. Hist. Graec. 25 (ii. 280).

46. Hans Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, pp. 453-4-

47. Diog. Laert. II, 16, 19-23; X, 12.

48. Diog. Laert., II, 16.

49- Origen, Philos., 9.

50- Stobaeus, Eclog., 1, 56.

51- Ps.-Plut., de Plac. Phil., 1, 3-

52. Ps.-Plut., Strom., frag. 2, if this can be regarded as reliable authority. Quoted by Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy,² p. 73.

53. Hippol, Refut. x, 9 [D 563, W 15]. Diels, Vors.² 6oA4.

54. II, 16.

55. Diog. Laert., II, 19.

/ 89 /

56. Aristot. ap. Diog. Laert II, 26. Phaedo, 89A.

57. Plato, Protag., 3x6E.

58. Meno, 96D.

59. 384B.

66. Some scholars hold that he was hopelessly in love with Aspasia. See Ad. Schmidt, Perikles und Sein Zeitalter.

61. Menexenus, 235 ff. The Menexenus, however, presents so many internal difficulties that we should not build too much upon this piece of evidence.

62. Clouds, 359-60.

63. Birds, 692. Trans., Rogers.

64. Varia Socratica, p. 131. Though Taylor, as we shall demonstrate further on, by trying to make the early Socrates into a Pythagorean, quite misinterprets the real intention of Aristophanes.

65. II, 122.

66. Diog. Laert., II 105. Unhappily Diogenes does not state explicitly on which side of the door Socrates and his companions were to be found. [At n.66, bottom of p. 43 in the original]

67. Clouds, 225, cf. 1503

68. Aristophanes, Clouds, 882 ff.

69. Aristot., Rhet. II, 24. 1402A23.

70. Rep., 342 D

71. Burnet in his essay on Socrates in Hastings' Encyclopedia holds that in the Socrates of the Clouds there were mixed Ionian or scientific and Pythagorean tendencies.

FOOTNOTES FOR PART II

1. As long ago as 1811, F. A. Wolf in the introduction to his edition of the Clouds of Aristophanes put forward the view that there was an earlier materialistic Socrates who developed into the later idealist. In so doing he protests against the tendency to regard the career of a thinker as a work of art, from the beginning final and complete. "Es ist ein sebr gewöhnlicher Irrthum wenn Man in weiter Zeitferne ein Leben eines unermüdet fortstrebenden Wahrbeitforschers wie ein schnell vollendetes Kunstwerk anziebt, und ibn in jeder Periode seiner Tätigkeit in guter Ubereinstimmung mit sich selbst findet." Zeller's refutation, based on a few lines from Aristophanes' Frogs (x49i ffi), and the silence of Plato and Xenophon hardly touches Wolf's significant observation. We fail to see how any candid reader could regard this passage of The Frogs as a criticism of Socrates for materialistic think / 90 ing. It might better be regarded as a criticism of his impracticality and verbalism, almost as a call to action. There has been a tendency in rccent years to take up again the thesis of Wolf. Mr. W. D. Ross in his Presidential paper read before the Classical Association in 1933 (Proceedings, p. 9), for example, speaks of the oracle as bringing to a head "a turning of interest from science to morality which was in any case taking Place about this time in Socrates' mind."

2. Plato, Symp., 219E; Apol, 28E.

3. Diog. Laert., II, 5, 20.

4. Diog. Laert., II, 5, 31

5. Plut, Arist., I

6. Plato, Menex., 249D.

7. Thucy., V, 43; VI, 90; Isoc., XVI, 27-30. Cf. Plut.,.Alcib., XIV.

8. Thucy., VI, 28-29.

9. Thucy., VI, 89 ff.

10. Plut., Peric., 32.

11. Thucy., VIII, 1.

12. Diog. Laert., II, 36.

FOOTNOTES FOR PART III

1. Symp., 174A. Xen. Mem., 11 ff.

2. The difficulties into which critics have fallen by a neglect of simple chronology, is well illustrated by Prof. Ferguson's attempt to use this reference in the Birds (414) as supplementary evidence for the Socrates of the Clouds (A. S. Ferguson "The Impiety of Socrates." Class. Quart., 1913. Vol. 7, p.160). He uses the two as though they were identical sources for the same period in Socrates' life.

3. Plut., Arist, I

4. Diog. Laert., II, 31.

5. Porphyry ap. Theodoret. Gr. Affect. Cur., XII, 174; cf. Diog. Laert., II, 20.

6. Symp., 177D. 198D. Gorgias, 481; Plut., Alcib., 1; Xen., Mem., 1, 9; III, 27; I, 3, 12.

7. Republic, 337 D.

8. Crito, 45 A & B.

9. Diog. Laert., III, 3.

10. Varia Socratica, p. 10.

11. Varia Socratica, p. 133.

/ 91 /

12. Varia Socratica, p. 17.

13. Throughout the sixth and fifth century in Greece, whenever we meet the word tyrant, we should usually understand "leader of the democratic movement." [Note at the bottom of page 60 in the original].

14. Diog. Laert., VIII, 3

15. Polyb. Hist., 11, 39.

16. Ritter and Preller, p. 29.

17. Iamblichus, Vita Pythagorica, Chapter XXXVI.

18. A. E. Taylor has made a number of illuminating suggestions in his Varia Socratica.

19. Ps.-Xen., Ath. Cons., II.

20. All that we know of the psephism of Cannonus is a reference from Xenophon's Hellenica, I vii, 20, 34. See the discussion by Mitchell and Caspari in their edition of Grote's History of Greece, p. 757, note 2.

21. Xen., Hellen. II, i, 32; Ps.-Lysias, contra. Alcib., A38; Pausanias, IV, 17, 2; X, 9, 5; Isoc., ad Philip. Or. V, 70. In Demosth., de fals. legat., p.401C 57 we learn that the accusation in writing was preferred by the commander-in-chief, Conon, against a fellow officer, Adeimantus.

22. Grote, History of Greece, Mitchell and Caspari ed.; ch. 35, p. 769.

23. Grote, op. cit., 778- Xen., Hellen. II, 3, 56.

23a. That this is a fair picture of the feelings of Plato and his friends is quite definitely shown by an autobiographical passage in Plato’s seventh Epistle. The high hopes with which they greeted the Thirty and their final disillusionment with the terror are clearly set forth. (324 B ff. ) [Note at the bottom of page 70 in the original]

24. Xen., Mem., I, 2, 9; IV, 6, 12.

25. Xen., Mem., III, 5, 14; Plato, Crit., 52E; Prot., 343C.

26. Isocrates, XVIII, 23.

27. Ep., VII 32 7B.

28. Diog. Laert., II, 5, 40.

29. Apology, 24B.

30. "Sokrates Haltung vor seinen Richtern," Wiener Studien 54, 1936, pp. 32-43. Oldfather, "Socrates in Court," Classical Weekly, April 25, 1938.

31. Gorgias, 486 A, B.

32. Theaet., 172C-175D.

33. op. cit., p. 204.

34- Oldfather, op. cit., 205; Plato, Gorgias, 484 D, E.; 468 A-C; 521B-522E; Theaet., 172C-175D; Rep., 517 A & D; Laches, 196B.

35. Diog. Laert., II,41.

36. op. cit., p. 209. Geffcken, Griechische Litteraturgeschichte, II, (1934), p. 7n38 and p. 35n73

37. For Polycrates see Cobet, Novae Lectiones, Markowski, de Libanio Socratis Defensore, Breslau, 1910; Humbert, "Polycrates," Revue de Philologie 1930-31, pp. 20-77.

38. Diog. Laert., II, 39.

/ 92 /

39. Cf. Humbert, "tandis que dans 14 graphé de 399 les griefs itaient avant tou religieux et moraux, L’Accusation de Polycrates se place sur le terrain politique." Op. cit., p. 27

40. Xen., Mem, I, 20 31

41- Ibid., IV, 4, 3.

42- Ibid., I, 2, 32.

43. Apology, 18B.

44. Apology, 20E ff.

44a. The aristocratic leanings of Delphic policy and teaching have been well studied by Mrs. Smertenko in the university of Oregon Studies. [Note on the bottom of page 78 in the original].

45. Gorgias, 493A; cf. Phaedo, 61B-62B.

46. As Taylor points out, the Eleatics were regarded as "heterodox" Pythagoreans. Varia Socratica, p. 18.

47. Crito, 45B.

48. Phaedo, 98E.

49. See Humbert, op. cit., 28 ff.

50. Xen., Mem., 1, 2, 9. (Trans., Marchant. Loeb Edition.)

51. Ibid., I, 2, 9.

52. Ibid., I, 2, 12.

53. Ibid., I, 2, 49.

54. Ibid., I, 2, 56.

55. Ibid., I, 2, 56.

56. II, 188. Leaf: Xen., Mem., I, 2.

57. Libanius, Apol. Soc. (Teubner), No. 62, p. 48; No. 87, p. 62; No. 88,

p. 63.

58. Ibid., No. 109, p. 74.

59. Ibid., No. 112, p. 76.

60. Ibid., No. 136, p. go.

61. Ibid., No. 148, p. 99.

62. Ibid., No. 155, p. 104.

63. Ibid., No. 160, p. 106.

64. Ibid., No. 132, p. 88.

65. Ibid., No. 133, p. 89.

66. Ibid., No. 134, p. 89-

67. Ibid., No. 134, p. 89.

68. Ibid., No. 38, p. 34

69. Ibid., No. 54, p. 43.

70. Ibid., No. 80, p. 58.

71. Ibid., No. 162, p. 108.

72. Ibid., No. 102, p. 70.

73- Ibid., No. 134, p. 90.

/ 93 / BIBLIOGRAPHY

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AUTHORS

Aristophanes, Clouds.

Aristophanes, Birds.

Aristophanes, Frogs.

Aristotle, Rhetoric.

Aristotle, Metaphysics.

Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Philosophers.

Iamblichus, Life of Pythagoras.

Libanius, Apology of Socrates.

Origen, Philosophoumena,

Pausanius, Description of Greece.

Plato, Apology of Socrates.

Plato, Cratylus.

Plato, Crito.

Plato, Euthyphro.

Plato, Gorgias.

Plato, Laches.

Plato, Menexenus.

Plato, Meno.

Plato, Phaedo.

Plato, Phaedrus.

Plato, Protagoras.

Plato, Republic.

Plato, Symposium.

Plato, Theaetetus.

/ 96 /

Plutarch, Alcibiades.

Plutarch, On the Pleasures of Philosophy.

Plutarch, Pericles.

Plutarch, Solon.

Polybius, History.

Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism.

Stobacus, Ecloga,

Theophrastus, Opinions of the Physicists.

Thucydides, History.

Pseudo-Xenophon, Constitution of Athens.

Xenophon, Hellenica.

Xenophon, Memorabilia.

Xenophon, Symposium.