229) A Russian patent of Gnedenko et al.

Ludwik Kowalski (6/10/05)
Department of Mathematical Sciences
Montclair State University, Upper Montclair, NJ, 07043

Today I received a phone call from a reader. That person asked me to translate a Russian patent of Gnedenko and Goriachev. The patent, according to the caller, is linked with inventions described in units #216 and #226. I said I will do my best and post the translation at my cold fusion website.

Addendum (6/14/05). The patent description arrived today and I will start translating it. Actually it is a set of four files. The first is an abstract; it is already in English and I will paste it below. The inventors are listed in alphabetic order; the names of Koldomasov and Yang (see units #216 and #226) appear of the list. But patent holders are Gnedienko and Goryachev.

FILE #1

Russian Office of Patents and Trademarks

(12) Description of application for patent in the Russian Federation

(21) (22) International Application Number 2002128693/06 October 28, 2002
(24) Priority date October 28, 2002

(46) Publication date July 10, 2004
(56) References: RU 2152083 C1, June 27, 2000, RU 2054604 C1, February 20, 1996, RU 2177512 C1, December 27, 2001, SU 334405 A March 30, 1972, RU 2172526 C2 August 20, 2001.

(98) Address for correspondence:
113149 Moscow, Ul. Sivashskaya 6, Bldg 1, Apt. 191, I. I. Petrov

(72) Inventor: Gnedenko V. G. (RU), Goryachev I. V. (RU), Koldomasov A. I. (RU) Khayunik Yang (KR)

(73) Patent holder:
Gnedenko Valerij Gerasimovich (RU)
Goryachev Igor' Vital'evich (RU)

(54) POWER PLANT FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN

(57) Abstract

An installation designed to produce hydrogen and oxygen, and also for generating power recovered in fusion reactions taking place in a reactor. The installation includes a dielectric housing that is resistant to a cavitating emission for receiving and transmitting a dielectric medium in the form of a mixture of light and heavy water, an insert disposed in the housing and made from dielectric material that is susceptible to cavitating emission and furnished with at least two apertures capable of allowing the dielectric medium to escape. The installation is furnished with a pulser, a pump for supplying the operating dielectric medium under pressure, a system for deflecting charged particles, and at least two pipes that are electrically insulated from one another and connected to receptacles for collecting hydrogen and oxygen, also a stricture in the form of a Laval nozzle at the outlet from the insert in the housing, and a deflecting system on the housing downstream thereof, after which pipes are arranged. The deflecting system may also be realized by electrostatic or magnetic means. The invention provides expanded functional capabilities. 2 z.p. files, 1 figure.

(Mixture of light and heavy water)

FILE #2:
This is also an abstract that has already been translated. I am pasting it below. I wish the emphasis was on scientific principles rather than on the appearance of the device.

FIELD: production of hydrogen and oxygen.

SUBSTANCE: the invention is pertinent to electric power installations. The installation intended for production of hydrogen and oxygen, and also for production of the energy emitted at fusion reactions going in a reactor. The installation contains: a dielectric resistant to cavitational emission housing for intake and gating of the dielectric medium in the form of a mixture of light water and heavy water, an insert mounted in the housing and made out of a dielectric material susceptible to cavitation emission and provided at least with two holes allowing an exit through them of the dielectric medium. The installation is supplied with a impulsator, a pump to deliver the working dielectric medium under pressure, a deflecting system of charged particles and, at least, two branch-pipes electrically isolated from each other and linked with vessels for hydrogen and oxygen collection. At that at exit of the insert in the housing there is a narrowing in the form of Laval's nozzles, behind it along the stream run on the housing there is a deflecting system mounted, behind which the branch-pipes are located. The deflecting system may be electrostatic or magnetic. The invention ensures expansion of functionalities of the installation.

EFFECT: the invention ensures expansion of functionalities of the installation.

3 cl, 1 dwg

FILES #3 AND #4:
File #4 seems to be an illustration accompanying file #3; that is why I am showing it first. It shows how a “mixture of light and heavy water” is delivered to the body of the device (from the left input) and how molecular hydrogen and molecular oxygen are removed (up and down, respectively, as labeled).



File #3 is in Russian. It begins with the abstract (already translated -- see file #1). The abstract is followed by the text shown below. This text is not clear to me; it makes references to presumably “well known” facts and solutions. Be aware that I am going to translate without understanding. Most words are clear but I can not make sense of sentences. Some technical terms are new to me and I have no dictionary at home. For example, what is the “miezelectronnaja camera”? Literally it is a chamber between electrons. But which electrons are they talking about?

Likewise I am confused by the term “cavitational emission.” I know that cavitation consists of formation of bubble but I do not know what kind of emission is associated with bubbling. What is being emitted -- particles or waves? If cavitational emission consists of particles then what is their nature and why are they emitted? If it consists of waves then what kind of waves? Is it sound? Is it Iight? Is it X-rays? How much energy is emitted? I hope that a reader of this translation will somehow understand it. But I would not be surprised of being accused of gobbleygooking; that is how the text appears to me, probably due to my limited background in the area of electrical water processing.

Description of the invention:
This invention, based on physics and chemistry, is related to technique of producing hydrogen and oxygen. Being related to nuclear engineering it can also be used to produce energy liberated in a fusion reactor.

One known solution [a reference to a 1987 Russian book on water purification is given] consists of a tube through which the processed liquid is delivered to the discharge chamber (with flat and pointed electrodes) and a tube through which it is removed. Also known is a solution [US patent #3969214, 1976] containing a body with an axial opening, the fluid delivery input located in the lower section, the “miezelectronnaja camera” [see above], the anode connected to the positive terminal of the power supply, the cathode connected to the negative terminal of the power supply, and a device producing variable magnetic field.

The limitations of these known inventions is the fact that the anode and the cathode are located on the same side of the “miezelectronnaja camera” [see above]. Oxygen released at the anode is thus mixed with hydrogen released at the cathode. Mixing of these two gases is accompanied by endothermic reactions (production of hydrogen peroxide and ozone). These reactions lower the overall efficiency because they absorb part of the electrolytically generated heat.

Nuclear reactions taking place in the deutron-containing media are well known. They are described by Lipson et al. [two reference to papers published in 1990 and 1992 -- in the Russian journal “Technical Physics” -- are provided]. Continuos operation is not possible in nuclear reactors of known type because heat loses increase rapidly with plasma temperature (~T^7/2) and energy sources extinguish themselves. Nuclear reactions are thus not able to supply excess energy needed to overcome coulomb repulsion and sustain nuclear interactions.

The problem can be technically solved [a 1972 reference is mentioned] by inserting one or several dielectric elements into the passage of the liquid. The pump imposes fluctuations of pressure on the passing dielectric liquid and powerful resonance oscillations at acoustical frequencies (about 1 kHz) are generated in the system. positive electric charges, of high density, appear at the front face of the dielectric insertion through which the dielectric fluid if passing. The charge density depends on the intensity of cavitation, on the dielectric properties of the insertion and of the liquid. This leads to generation of quasi-stationary plasma in the liquid, in front of the insertion. The energy content, however, about 1 J/cm, is not sufficient to compensate for what is used to sustain the plasma discharge.

A known setup, using hydrogen and its isotopes, can generate energy continuously. It consists of a body through which a dielectric medium is flowing. The body should not be affected by cavitational emission; it should contain a dielectric insertion able to produce cavitational emission. The insertion should have at least one opening for the passing dielectric fluid, for example light water whose electric resistivity is about 10¹¹ ohm*m. Then approximately 1% of chemically pure heavy water, with identical dielectric parameters, is added. An electrical charge of high density is then formed in the openings of the insertion. High potential due to that charge is able to ionize hydrogen atoms and accelerate them sufficiently to overcome coulomb barrier and lead to nuclear reactions. This was described in the 2000 patented prototype (see patent #2152083 of Russian Federation).

The described unit uses only part of the released energy -- excess heat. Our invention removes this limitation of analogous proposals, and of the prototype. It expands functional possibilities by increasing the intensity of plasma to a level at which energy loses (to sustain plasma) are compensated, and at which hydrogen and oxygen can be efficiently produced.

The setup produces hydrogen and oxygen. Its body is made from the dielectric material resisting cavitational emission. The insertion is made from a material able to produce cavitational emission. A dielectric fluid, in the form of a mixture of light and heavy water, passes through at least two openings in the insertion. The unit is equipped with a pulse generator and with pumps able to supply the compressed dielectric fluid. The setup is also equipped with a deflection system and with two exit pipes delivering hydrogen and oxygen. The pipes are electrically insulated from each other. After passing through the insertion the fluid is directed to the Laval’s nuzzle. The deflection system, either electric or magnetic, is situated after the nuzzle.

The attached figure is a schematic diagram of the energy setup for production of hydrogen and oxygen. Body (1) is made from the dielectric material that can not be damaged by heat and by cavitational emission. It can be ceramics, sapphire, etc. The insertion (2) is made from a dielectric material favoring cavitational emission. It can be asbo-cement, ftoroplast, etc. There should be at least one opening (3) in the insertion. Each opening is a cylindrical channel whose length is 25 to 30 mm and whose diameter is 1 to 2 mm. The deflecting system (4) is mounted in the body of the device. After the insertion the body has the Laval’s nuzzle and at least two exit pipes (5). The pipes are connected with containers collecting hydrogen and oxygen. The deflecting system can be either electric, for example, a parallel plate capacitor, or magnetic, for example, permanent magnets or electromagnets. The magnetic system creates a steady magnetic field in the region between the end of the insertion and the nuzzle.

The dielectric liquid flowing through the setup pulsates with the frequency that is close to the natural frequency of of the insertion opening. The resonance amplifies pulsation of the liquid and cavitation takes place at the entrance the of the opening in the insertion. This is associated with cavitational emission. Exposed to that emission the material from which the insertion is made starts emitting electrons; these electrons enter the flowing fluid. At the same time positive charge of high density is formed at the entrance of the opening. The difference of potential between the charged area and earth approaches one million volts. Hydrogen atoms of the working liquid are ionized when they are in the high voltage region. Positive ions (atomic nuclei of hydrogen isotopes) are then accelerated, inside the liquid, toward the axis of the opening. The concentration of ions (plasma) increases near the axis. Recombination times are sufficiently long and nuclear reactions can take place.

Impulse that ions receive from positive charges on the wall of the opening can exceed 10 keV. [Why is the term “impulse” used instead of kinetic energy?] This creates conditions for nuclear fusion reactions. Accelerated nuclei are able to react despite the coulomb barrier. The rate of nuclear processes can be regulated by changing the concentration of heavy heavy water in light water. The working model has been built; it works in the following way:

Working fluid is a dielectric -- a mixture of light and heavy water in the ratio of approximately 100:1. It is pumped into the body of the device (1) under the pressure of 5-7 MPa. The mixture of water flows through the opening (3) in the insertion (2). The insertion is made from a dielectric material, such as ftoroplast. The length of the opening is 25-30 m; its diameter is 1-2 mm. A pulsator, whose frequency is close to 1 kHz, is used to induce variations of pressure in the flowing mixture. Neither the pump nor the pulsator are shown in the diagram. The resonance frequency of the opening depends on its length and diameter; it also depends on physical parameters of the fluid. The frequency of the pulsator is changed slowly to approach the resonance frequency.

The body of the unit can be made from a transparent plastic material. The beginning of nuclear processes can then be recognized because ionizing radiation emerging from the opening ionizes the surrounding air. It can also be recognized by emission of neutrons, by the increase of temperature of the working fluid, by chemical changes taking place, and other parameters, using appropriate detectors (neutron counters, thermometers, etc.) The nuzzle (Laval’s narrowing) is used to speed up working fluid after it becomes ionized. The deflecting system (4) is used to separate ionized particles. Positive and negative ions are deflected in opposite directions by either electric or magnetic field. By increasing the concentration of heavy water in light water, for example, to the 100: (3-5) ratio, a change in ionization can be observed. Production of hydrogen and oxygen increases at the same time. Ionized dielectric fluid moves rapidly through the magnetic field in the nuzzle and ions are subjected to Lorenz force. That is how positive ions are separated from negative ions. Positive ions move to one exit and negative ions move to another exit. Relaxation is difficult because the two flows are electrically insulated. In collective vessels Ions recombine and become either hydrogen or oxygen.

[The last paragraph is the summary of the invention: It is a single sentence consisting of 121 words. It would be very difficult to translate. I am going to leave this task to a professional translator. In my opinion sentences of that kind are not useful.]

Addendum (6/17/05)

The magnitude of the centripetal Lorentz force is F=q*v*B, where q is the charge of the ion, v is its speed and B is the magnetic field. The centripetal acceleration due to that force is F/m, where m is the mass of the ion. Comparing this acceleration to v²/R one finds the formula for the radius of curvature, R=(m*v)/(q*B). The m and q are fixed, for a given kind of ions, but v and B can be adjusted. For ions of hydrogen ion q=1.6*10^-19 C and m=1.67*10^-27 kg. Assuming, for example, that v=0.1 m/s (speed of water in the nuzzle) and that B=0.1 T (due to common magnet) one gets R=10^-8 m. That is a very small radius; I do not understand how to make it consistent with deflection of hydrogen ions in flowing water. Even when v is 10 m/s R is only one micron.

I wish a person familiar with the device could explain cavitational radiation and separation if ions in a flowing water. A student in an introductory science course would probably asked for the source of energy used to separated atoms of hydrogen from atoms of oxygen in water molecules. S/he would argue, correctly, that the separation energy, per molecule, must be equal to the energy released when hydrogen is burned in air (producing water). The authors claim that thermonuclear energy is released in the device. What evidence do they have that this really happens?

The iESi device is claimed to generate excess heat at the rate of 10 MW. Suppose that this is due to production of helium via cold fusion. How much helium would be produced in the device each day? It is not difficult to answer this question. The energy released in producing one helium atom (from two deuterium atoms) is 23.7 MeV. This is 3.8*10^-12 J. The excess energy generated at the rate of 10 MW will produce 10 MJ of energy per second. The number of helium atoms produced in each second must thus be equal to 10*10⁶/3.8*10^-12=2.6*10¹⁸. In one day the number of helium atoms would be 24*60*60=86,400 times larger ( 2.3*10²³ atoms). That amounts to easily-detectable 1.5 grams of helium per day. Air, on the other hand, typically contains no more than several microgram of helium per cubic meter. Reproducible detection of grams of helium, commensurable with excess energy, would be a highly convincing argument that the excess heat is indeed due to cold fusion of deuterium, as claimed by the inventors.


Addendum (6/19/05)
Browsing the Internet I found the website of PhysOrgForum Science. There I found a recent (6/11/05) posting in which Bearded Clem wrote: “I've been keeping an eye on IESI since I read another cold fusion thread on these boards and recently read on their website that the 2 chief scientists of IESI have come here to Edmonton where I live and I am very interested to find some unbiased proof that what they claim is real because if it is, it will be the breakthrough we need to survive the 21st century. If anyone is interested, here is the text form of a .pdf you can download of the <www.iesiusa.com> website. [See below.] It's a little vague for a skeptic like me but compelling none the less.