ENGL 602-02: Science Fiction (Seminar in International Literature)

Wendy C. Nielsen, Ph.D.

Title woodcut for Utopia written by Thomas More
Title woodcut for Utopia (1516) written by Thomas More

W 8:15-10:45 in DI 272
 http://chss.montclair.edu/~nielsenw/sf09.html
<http://english.montclair.edu>

 Prof. Wendy Nielsen
Office Hours: M 11-1, W 4:30-5:30, & by appt. in 352 DI
Email: nielsenw@mail . . . 

Texts available at University Bookstore (please use assigned translations):

Butler, Octavia. Parable of the Sower, Grand Central Publishing/Hachette, 978-0446675505

Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World and Brave New World Revisited, Harper Perennial, 978-0060776091

Marx, Karl and Friedrich Engels. Communist Manifesto, ed. V. Pozner, Bantam 978-0553214062

Masri, Heather. Science Fiction: Stories and Contexts, Bedford St. Martin's, 978-0312450151

Zamyatin, Yevgeny. We, trans. N. Randall, Modern Library, 978-0812974621

Additional Texts avail. on Blackboard (Bb) <http://blackboard.montclair.edu>, esp. items from the Bibliography.

Course description: This course investigates science fiction and genre-defining works from varying time periods, making this an excellent class for first-time sci-fi readers and enthusiasts alike. We will focus on those qualities that distinguish science fiction (“fiction of the future that speculates and extrapolates from the physical and social sciences”) and its history. Discussion topics include utopias/dystopias, the limits of being human, gender and class relations, and the uncanny. We will examine the ways in which science fiction offers solutions to solve our social problems, and consider what the world would look like if science were employed to address social justice issues such as equality, fairness, and tolerance between diverse races, creeds, and genders. Readings will range from novels and/or novellas from authors such as Zamyatin (We), A. Huxley (Brave New World), Octavia Butler (Parable of the Sower); E.T.A. Hoffmann (The Sandman); short stories by Francis Bacon (New Atlantis), Ursula K. Le Guin, and Philip K. Dick (of Minority Report and Total Recall fame); and polemical texts.

Requirements:       Click here to get an explanation of my shorthand on Style issues, and my criteria for grading: http://chss.montclair.edu/~nielsenw/correction.html

#1: The Spirit of a Democratic Classroom: Respect, Collegiality, and Integrity

#2: Participation (10%) incl. regular attendance, timely completion of weekly reading, contribution to class discussion, regular bi-monthly postings to Blackboard/Discussion Board (DISC. QUES. + Position Papers), 1 presentation of a Position Paper, and participation in peer review sessions.

#3: Final Position Paper Portfolio (40%): After reading the assigned material, you need to arrive to seminars with a position in mind. In French called a précis, in German a Referat, the position paper is an academic tradition whereby seminar participants share their thoughts in writing (ca. 1-2 pages/250-400 words). At the very least, a position paper summarizes the salient critical points of a scholarly debate and connects these to the reader’s own thoughts on the primary text, but ideally, a position paper points towards the reader’s critique-in-process, or a mature critical perspective on both primary and critical text, opening the way for the seminar to discuss and debate themes that may call secondary authors' perspectives into question. Another way to think about a position paper is as a provocation: it should provoke readers to new ways about thinking about a complex issue. You should use position papers as opportunities to hone your critical perspective, as well as your academic writing persona. The ability to say something intelligent about texts in a short amount of time is a skill that English graduate students are expected to demonstrate in several different forums: in seminars, in theses defenses, in oral presentations at conferences, and ultimately, in front of the classroom as professors. If you are struggling for an approach to take for your paper, consider beginning with a critical question; closely analyzing a specific passage in detail (examining issues such as subtext, language, symbolism, etc.); or arguing against a critical author's assumptions.

Nota Bene: All primary and secondary sources should be cited according to MLA. Sometimes we will be reading more than one critical text. Please choose your own focus: you do not have to write about every single text we read, but should form a critical perspective that might apply to one or more texts. Every seminar participant will write a position paper on assigned days and submit it to the instructor (hard copy, typed, stapled, 12 pt. font in Times New Roman, with 1" margins). Once a semester every student will present his or her position paper to the class. On these occasions, students should provide enough copies of the position paper for the entire class and the instructor, and should come prepared to read the paper aloud and to contribute in a significant way to the class discussion. In order to make these works in progress pedagogically effective for all seminar participants, please post your Position Papers on Blackboard/Discussion Board in addition to handing in a hard copy to the instructor.

Evaluation: I will read your position papers (hard copy only), comment on them, and provide check, check plus, or check minuses as pre-evaluative criteria. At the end of the semester, a portfolio of your position papers will be evaluated for a letter grade (see below). The presentation of your position paper is not graded, but you must do it in order to receive a satisfactory Participation grade. Owing to scheduling difficulties, I am afraid I am NOT able to read late position papers, although you may include them as part of your Final Position Paper Portfolio. I will NOT accept emailed Position Papers. If you cannot attend class, I suggest you ask a fellow participant to bring your hard copy to class. If you are unable to turn in your Position Paper on time, I suggest you ask a fellow student to read and evaluate the work-in-progress.
The Final Position Paper Portfolio will include a critical introduction, your TOP 4 Position Papers, the originals of these mini essays (if available), and at least 1 revision that highlights your editing skills. If you wish to submit all 5 assigned Position Papers, you may. The cover letter should self-evaluate your own position papers and address the following questions: How do these position papers show the independence of your critical thinking? How would you describe your (evolving) academic writing persona? What have you learned about reading, researching, and the field of English? In what ways have these writing exercises prepared you to become a better student as well as to become a better researcher? How have these writing exercises aided your thinking this semester? What are the strengths and weaknesses of your position papers? Which is your best position paper, and why? What grade would you give yourself for this assignment? Immediately following the cover letter, place a well-edited revision of one of your position papers that highlights how well you can transform your writing from rough to final copy. Even though this is the only required revision, I encourage you to revise all papers carefully. Please include all originals with my comments on them. You should also include any position papers that you’re handing in late. Here’s a final list of everything you should include: 1) Cover letter; 2) Edited Revision; 3) Original Position Papers; 4) Any late material. Please simply staple everything together, or use a binder clip. No cover pages or folders, please.

#4: Annotated Bibliography (10%): Annotate 3 recent (less than 10 years old) peer-reviewed sources for your Final Essay. Put the full citation of the article, book, or book chapter first, and then answer the following questions, in about 5 to 10 sentences: 1) What is the author’s argument? 2) How does the author support this argument? What kinds of evidence does she use? 3) What does the author hope to accomplish by writing this piece? What kinds of biases might the author have? 4) Who is the author’s audience? To what kind of scholarly debate is she contributing? 5) In what ways is this piece relevant for your own research question? You should carefully distinguish (in each and every sentence) which ideas can be attributed to one of these three authors, and which ideas are the product of your own thinking. You must cite every time you report an author's ideas, not only by citing page numbers, but also by indicating through words and phrasing ("According to Smith's book Literature . . . "; "The author of this article argues . . . ") that you are reporting second-hand information. Failure to do so will result in a point being taken off every sentence that does not properly cite and attribute the source of ideas (a core tenet of academic writing).

#4: Final Essay, 12-20 pages on 1 or 2 works of science fiction (40%): The Final Essay should represent new, innovative, and provocative research, reading, and thinking on at least one piece read in this course (or two, or a combination of one piece from this course material, and another work we did not read in this course). As with any seminar paper, you should begin with a research question that is the product of critical thinking, close reading of the primary text, and extensive outside reading of scholarly sources, all of which should be carefully documented in your paper (I will not put a number on the required number of secondary articles, but excellent scholars try to be thorough; in any case, I will examine the quality of your research).  Please be sure to distinguish your ideas from those of other scholars and thinkers (as with the Annotated Bibliography, failure to do so will result in a point being taken off every sentence that does not properly cite and attribute the source of ideas). Perhaps the idea for your Final Essay will emerge because you wish to argue against another author, scholar, or interpretive tradition. It could be that the Final Essay starts with one of your Position Papers. In evaluating your essay, I will award a maximum of 50 points for style (syntax, grammar, punctuation), and up to 50 points for content (originality, introduction, thesis/argument, paragraphs with main idea, logical structure, supporting evidence, sophistication/clarity, and conclusion). You may submit a self-addressed stamped envelope with your final essay if you would like it back before next semester (or pick it up next semester before Valentine's Day).

Some Policies: Tentative schedule subject to change; see http://chss.montclair.edu/~nielsenw/sf09.html for updates
Date
 Class Activities
 Homework Due
 Other Readings + Links
W 9/2 Course, Student Introduction

W 9/9 What is SF? Genre Evolution Project; T. Godwin, "The Cold Equations;" Hugo Award; Nebula Award; Creative Writing; Screenwriting Read Asimov, Bradbury, Heinlein, Le Guin, Rabkin, Suvin, "On the Poetics;" Vint and Bould; DISC. #1: Write 3 ORIGINAL discussion ques.: bring a copy for yourself to discuss in class, and post them to Blackboard/Discussion Board. These questions might include ones you would pose as an instructor of the class, things you are confused about in the reading, or a mix between the two. The purpose of discussion questions is to open a dialogue between you and me; to make this a student-centered classroom; and to help students become better writers by becoming critical thinkers, or people who question what they read. Discussion questions are not evaluated, are not mandatory, but are taken into consideration for your Participation Grade. Please feel free to respond to other students' queries if you feel inspired to answer; I will take such responses as extra credit for your Participation Grade (and enjoy reading them, of course).  Atheling, Butor, Masri, Warrick
W 9/16 Utopias before 1900: Bacon, Marx; Klee's/Benjamin's Angel of History
 Read Bacon, Marx, Csicsery-Ronay, "Marxist;" Jameson; PP #1 due (see assignment above)
 Ferns, Kincaid, Price
W 9/23 We
 Read Zamyatin 1-129, Arendt; DISC. #2: Write 3 ORIGINAL discussion ques.: bring a copy for yourself to discuss in class, and post them to Blackboard/Discussion Board. Zamyatin, Letters
W 9/30 We
 Read Zamyatin 130-end; Cowan; and then read one article from A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. Gary Kern (1988): Collins, Cooke, Ehre, Gregg, Kern, Layton, Parrott, Proffer, or Ulph; PP #2 due Beauchamp; McCarthy
W 10/7 Brave New World
 Read Huxley 1-157; DISC. #3: Write 3 ORIGINAL discussion ques.: bring a copy for yourself to discuss in class, and post them to Blackboard/Discussion Board. Peller
W 10/14 Brave New World
 Read Huxley 158-231; Adorno; Horan; PP #3 due Buchanan; Deery; De Koster; Gottlieb 55-87, 266-85; Huxley, BNW Revisited; Matter; K. Miller; Smethurst
W 10/21 Parable of the Sower
 Read Butler 1 -149, Sontag; DISC. #4: Write 3 ORIGINAL discussion ques.: bring a copy for yourself to discuss in class, and post them to Blackboard/Discussion Board. Donawerth, Frankenstein's, 1-41; Donawerth and Kolmerten; Helford, Jackson; Reid 120-35
W 10/28 Parable of the Sower Read Butler 149 - end, Agustí, Moylan; PP #4 due Baccolini, Green, J. Miller, Zaki
W 11/4 The Uncanny
 Read Freud, Hoffmann, Bresnick, Baudrillard, & Jung; PP #5 due Minsky, Moskowitz, Tartar, Todd
W 11/11 8:15-9 meet in Sprague 203 for Lib. Tutorial; The Uncanny & Cyborgs; Cyborg Manifesto
 Read Dick, "Second" and "Nature;" Haraway, Tiptree; Csicsery-Ronay, "Cyberpunk"; DISC. #5: Write 3 ORIGINAL discussion ques.: bring a copy for yourself to discuss in class, and post them to Blackboard/Discussion Board. Butler, "Bloodchild;" Freedman, 30-86; Reid, 170-81; Sterling
W 11/18 Meet in 352 DI to discuss paper topics
Position Paper Portfolio due 
W 11/25 Research/Reading day (no class)
 Ann. bibl. rough draft due on Blackboard
W 12/2 Peer editing of essays; Flowers for Algernon
 Rough draft due; Final version of Ann. Bibl. due; Read Keyes
W 12/16
Hand in essay before 10pm in 352 DI; early submissions welcome--just place under the door Final Essay due; Please simply staple everything together, or use a binder clip. No cover pages or folders, please.

Bibliography (ongoing)

Adorno, Theodor W. Prisms. Trans. Samuel and Sherry Weber. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1983.

Agustí, Clara Escoda. “The Relationship Between Community and Subjectivity in Octavia E. Butler's Parable of the Sower.” Extrapolation 46.3 (2005): 351. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=975596211&sid=2&Fmt=3&clientId=8606&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Arendt, Hannah. "Ideology and Terror: A Novel Form of Government." Science Fiction: Stories and Contexts. Ed. Heather Masri. NY: Bedford St. Martin's, 2009. 850-63.

Asimov, Isaac. "Liar!" Science Fiction: Stories and Contexts. Ed. Heather Masri. NY: Bedford St. Martin's, 2009. 282-95.

Atheling, William. "Science Fiction as a Literary Movement." Science Fiction. Ed. J. G. Cunningham. San Diego: Greenhaven, 2002. 31-5.

Baccolini, Raffaella. "Gender and Genre in the Feminist Critical Dystopias of Katharine Burdekin, Margaret Atwood, and Octavia Butler." Future Females, the Next Generation: New Voices and Velocities in Feminist Science Fiction Criticism. Ed. M. S. Barr. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000. 13-34.

Bacon, F. "New Atlantis." Essays, New Advancement of Learning, New Atlantis, and other Pieces. Ed. R. F. Jones. NY: Odyssey, 1937. 449-91.

Barr, Marleen S. Future Females, the Next Generation: New Voices and Velocities in Feminist Science Fiction Criticism. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000.

Baudrillard, Jean. "The Precession of Simulacra." Science Fiction: Stories and Contexts. Ed. Heather Masri. NY: Bedford St. Martin's, 2009. 442-55.

Beauchamp, Gorman. "Zamiatin's We." No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction. Eds. E. S. Rabkin, M. H. Greenberg and J. D. Olander. Carbondale and Ewardsville: Southern Illinois UP, 1983. 56-77.

Bloch, Ernst. The Utopian Function of Art and Literature: Selected Essays. MIT Press, 1988.

Bloom, Harold, ed. Aldous Huxley's Brave New World [electronic Resource]. Chelsea House Publishers, 1996.  E-BOOK

Buchanan, Bradley W. "Oedipus against Freud: Humanism and the Problem of Desire in Brave New World." Huxley's Brave New World: Essays. Eds. D. G. Izzo and K. Kirkpatrick. Jefferson and London: McFarland, 2008. 26-45.

Bradbury, Ray. "Mars is Heaven!" Science Fiction: Stories and Contexts. Ed. Heather Masri. NY: Bedford St. Martin's, 2009. 73-86.

Bresnick, A. "Prosopoetic Compulsion: Reading the Uncanny in Freud and Hoffmann." Germanic Review 71.2 (Spr. 1996): 114-32.

Butler, Octavia. "Bloodchild." Science Fiction: Stories and Contexts. Ed. Heather Masri. NY: Bedford St. Martin's, 2009. 119-34.

- - -. Parable of the Sower. NY: Grand Central, 2000.

Butor, Michel. "An Un-Credible Genre." Science Fiction. Ed. J. G. Cunningham. San Diego: Greenhaven, 2002. 187-97.

Clarke, Arthur C. "The Nine Billion Names of God." Science Fiction: Stories and Contexts. Ed. Heather Masri. NY: Bedford St. Martin's, 2009. 915-20.

Collins, Christopher. "Zamyatin's We as Myth." Zamyatin's We: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Gary Kern. Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1988. 70-9.

Cooke, Leighton Brett. "Ancient and Modern Mathematics in Zamyatin's We." Zamyatin's We: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Gary Kern. Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1988. 149-67.

Cowan, S. A. "The Crystalline Center of Zamyatin's We." Extrapolation 29.2 (1988): 160-78.

Csicsery-Ronay, Istvan. "Cyberpunk and Neuromanticism." Storming the Reality Studio: a Casebook of Cyberpunk and Postmodern Science Fiction. Ed. Larry McCaffery. Durham and London: Duke UP, 1991. 181-93.

- - -. "Marxist Theory and Science Fiction." Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. Eds. E. James and F. Mendlesohn. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003. 113-24.

Deery, June. "Technology and Gender in Aldous Huxley's Alternative (?) Worlds." Extrapolation 33.3 (1992): 258-73.

De Koster, Katie, ed. Readings on Brave New World. San Diego  CA: Greenhaven Press, 1999.

Dick, Philip K. "The Nature of Reality." Science Fiction. Ed. J. G. Cunningham. San Diego: Greenhaven, 2002. 178-85.

- - -. "Second Variety." Science Fiction: Stories and Contexts. Ed. Heather Masri. NY: Bedford St. Martin's, 2009. 296-330.

Donawerth, Jane. Frankenstein's Daughter's: Women Writing Science Fiction. Syracuse: Syracuse UP, 1997.

Donawerth, Jane and Carol A. Kolmerten. "Introduction." Utopian and Science Fiction by Women: Worlds of Difference. Eds. Jane Donawerth and Carol A. Kolmerten. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994. 1-13.

Ehre, Milton. "Zamyatin's Aesthetics." Zamyatin's We: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Gary Kern. Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1988. 130-39.

Ellison, Harlan. "Repent, Harlequin!' Said the Ticktockman." Science Fiction: Stories and Contexts. Ed. Heather Masri. NY: Bedford St. Martin's, 2009. 758-67.

Ferns, C. "Introduction." Narrating Utopia: Ideology, Gender, Form in Utopian Literature. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1999. 1-27.

Franklin, H. Bruce. "What is Science Fiction--and How It Grew." Reading Science Fiction. Eds. J. Gunn, M. S. Barr, and M. Candelaria. NY and London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 23-42.

Freedman, Carl. Critical Theory and Science Fiction. Hanover and London: Wesleyan UP, 2000.

Freud, Sigmund. "The Uncanny." Science Fiction: Stories and Contexts. Ed. Heather Masri. NY: Bedford St. Martin's, 2009. 427-41.

Gottlieb, Erika. Dystopian Fiction East and West: Universe of Terror and Trial. Montreal, Ithaca  N.Y.: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2001.

Green, Michelle Erica. "'There Goes the Neighborhood:' Octavia Butler's Demand for Diversity in Utopias." Utopian and Science Fiction by Women: Worlds of Difference. Eds. Jane Donawerth and Carol A. Kolmerten. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994. 166-89.

Gregg, Richard A. "Two Adams and Eve in the Crystal Palace: Dostoevsky, the Bible, and We." Zamyatin's We: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Gary Kern. Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1988. 61-9.

Haraway, Donna. "Cyborg Manifesto." Science Fiction: Stories and Contexts. Ed. Heather Masri. NY: Bedford St. Martin's, 2009. 455-75

Heinlein, Robert. "All You Zombies--." Science Fiction: Stories and Contexts. Ed. Heather Masri. NY: Bedford St. Martin's, 2009. 551-60.

Helford, Elyce Rae. "(E)raced Visions: Women of Color and Science Fiction in the United States." Science Fiction, Canonization, Marginalization, and the Academy. Ed. Gary Westfahl. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2002. 128-38.

Hollinger, Veronica. "Feminist Theory and Science Fiction." Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. Eds. E. James and F. Mendlesohn. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003. 125-36.

Hoffmann, E. T. A. "The Sandman." Science Fiction: Stories and Contexts. Ed. Heather Masri. NY: Bedford St. Martin's, 2009. 195-220.

Horan, Thomas. “Revolutions from the Waist Downwards: Desire as Rebellion In Yevgeny Zamyatin's We, George Orwell's 1984, and Aldous Huxley's Brave New World.” Extrapolation 48.2 (2007): 314-39.
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1333425241&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=8606&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World and Brave New World Revisited. NY: Harper Perennial, 2005.

Izzo, David, ed. Huxley's Brave New World : Essays. Jefferson  N.C.: McFarland, 2008.

Jackson, H. Jerome. “Sci-fi tales from Octavia E. Butler.” Crisis (New York) 101.3 (1994): 4-7. http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.montclair.edu:2048/ehost/detail?vid=4&hid=14&sid=a938c8ad-4b91-4384-9d1b-1e2ac886496a%40SRCSM2&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aph&AN=9408160641 INTERVIEW / NO PDF AVAIL

James, Edward. "Utopias and Anti-Utopias." Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. Eds. E. James and F. Mendlesohn. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003. 219-29.

Jameson, Fredric. “Progress Versus Utopia; or, Can We Imagine the Future?.” Science Fiction: Stories and Contexts. Ed. Heather Masri. NY: Bedford St. Martin's, 2009. 876-91. 

Kern, Gary. "Zamyatin's Stylization." Zamyatin's We: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Gary Kern. Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1988. 118-29.

Keyes, Daniel. "Flowers for Algernon." Science Fiction: Stories and Contexts. Ed. Heather Masri. NY: Bedford St. Martin's, 2009. 1110-31.

Kincaid, Paul. “Islomania? Insularity? The Myth of the Island in British Science Fiction.” Extrapolation 48.3 (2007): 462-71. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1435096371&sid=2&Fmt=3&clientId=8606&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Kinyon, Kamila. “Laughter in Zamiatin's We: Passageways into the irrational.” Extrapolation 43.2 (2002): 204-18. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=180744461&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=8606&RQT=309&VName=PQD

De Koster, Katie, ed. Readings on Brave New World. San Diego: Greenhaven, 1999.

Layton, Susan. "Zamyatin and Literary Modernism." Zamyatin's We: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Gary Kern. Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1988. 140-48.

Leary, Timothy. ""The Cyberpunk: The Individual as Reality Pilot." Storming the Reality Studio: a Casebook of Cyberpunk and Postmodern Science Fiction. Ed. Larry McCaffery. Durham and London: Duke UP, 1991. 246-58.

Le Guin, Ursula K. "Good and Bad Mythmaking." Science Fiction. Ed. J. G. Cunningham. San Diego: Greenhaven, 2002. 198-206.

Leonard, Elisabeth Anne. "Race and Ethnicity in Science Fiction." Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. Eds. E. James and F. Mendlesohn. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003. 253-62.

Jameson, Fredric. “Progress Versus Utopia; or, Can We Imagine the Future?.” Science Fiction Studies 9.2 (1982): 147-158.

Macleod, Ken. "Politics and Science Fiction." Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. Eds. E. James and F. Mendlesohn. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003. 230-40.

Masri, Heather. "A Brief Introduction to Science Fiction and Its History." Science Fiction: Stories and Contexts. Ed. Heather Masri. NY: Bedford St. Martins, 2009. 1-10.

Matter, William. "On Brave New World." No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction. Eds. E. S. Rabkin, M. H. Greenberg and J. D. Olander. Carbondale and Ewardsville: Southern Illinois UP, 1983. 94-109.

McCarthy, Patrick A. "Zamyatin and the Nightmare of Technology." Science-Fiction Studies 11.2 (1984): 122-28.

Melzer, Patricia. “"All that you touch you change": Utopian Desire and the Concept of Change in Octavia Butler's Parable of the Sower and Parable of the Talents.” Femspec 3.2 (2002): 31. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=506198451&sid=2&Fmt=3&clientId=8606&RQT=309&VName=PQD  NO PDF AVAILABLE

Mendlesohn. "Religion and Science Fiction." Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. Eds. E. James and F. Mendlesohn. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003. 264-75.

Merrick, Helen. "Gender in Science Fiction." Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. Eds. E. James and F. Mendlesohn. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003. 241-52.

Miller, Jim. "Post-Apocalyptic Hoping: Octavia Butler's Dystopian/Utopian Vision." Science Fiction Studies 25.2 (1998): 336-360. http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.montclair.edu:2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lfh&AN=823466&site=ehost-live

Miller, Katherine Toy. "Deconstructing the Savage Reservation in Brave New World." Huxley's Brave New World: Essays. Eds. D. G. Izzo and K. Kirkpatrick. Jefferson and London: McFarland, 2008. 145-60.

Minsky, Marvin. "Will Roberts Inherit the Earth?" Science Fiction: Stories and Contexts. Ed. Heather Masri. NY: Bedford St. Martin's, 2009. 1211-21.

Moskowitz, Sam. "The Robot as Symbol." Science Fiction. Ed. J. G. Cunningham. San Diego: Greenhaven, 2002. 139-45.

Moylan, Tom. Demand the Impossible: Science Fiction and the Utopian Imagination. New York: Methuen, 1986. 

- - -. "Octavia Butler's Parables." Scraps of the Untainted Sky: Science Fiction, Utopia, Dystopia. Boulder  Colo.: Westview Press, 2000. 223-45.

Parrott, Ray. "The Eye in We." Zamyatin's We: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Gary Kern. Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1988. 106-17.

Peller, Scott. "Laboring for a Brave New World: Our Ford and the Epsilons." Huxley's Brave New World: Essays. Eds. D. G. Izzo and K. Kirkpatrick. Jefferson and London: McFarland, 2008.  62-72.

Price, B., ed. Bacon's 'New Atlantis': New Interdisciplinary Essays. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2002.

Proffer, Carl R. "Notes on the Imagery in Zamyatin's We." Zamyatin's We: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Gary Kern. Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1988. 95-105

Rabkin, Eric S. "Defining Science Fiction." Reading Science Fiction. Eds. J. Gunn, M. S. Barr, and M. Candelaria. NY and London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 15-22.

Reid, Suzanne Elizabeth. Presenting Young Adult Science Fiction. New York: Twayne, 1998.

Shaw, Debra. Women, Science, and Fiction: the Frankenstein Inheritance. New York: Palgrave, 2000.

Smethurst, Paul. "O brave new world that has no poets in it:' Shakespeare and Scientific Utopia in Brave New World. Huxley's Brave New World: Essays. Eds. D. G. Izzo and K. Kirkpatrick. Jefferson and London: McFarland, 2008. 96-106.

Sontag, Susan. "The Imagination of Disaster." Science Fiction: Stories and Contexts. Ed. Heather Masri. NY: Bedford St. Martin's, 2009. 1002-14.

Sterling, Bruce. "A Cyberpunk Manifesto." Science Fiction. Ed. J. G. Cunningham. San Diego: Greenhaven, 2002. 101-06.

Suvin, Darko. "On the Poetics of the Science Fiction Genre." College English 34.3 (Dec. 1972): 372-82.

Tiptree, James Jr. "The Girl Who Was Plugged In." Science Fiction: Stories and Contexts. Ed. Heather Masri. NY: Bedford St. Martin's, 2009. 342-70.

Tatar, Maria M. “E.T.A. Hoffmann's "Der Sandmann": Reflection and Romantic Irony.” MLN 95.3 (1980): 585-608.  http://www.jstor.org/stable/2906690

Todd, Jane Marie. “The Veiled Woman in Freud's "Das Unheimliche".” Signs 11.3 (1986): 519-528. 

Ulph, Owen. "I-330: Reconsiderations on the Sex of Satan." Zamyatin's We: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Gary Kern. Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1988. 80-91.

Vint, Sherryl and Mark Bould. "There is No Such Thing as Science Fiction." Reading Science Fiction. Eds. J. Gunn, M. S. Barr, and M. Candelaria. NY and London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 43-51.

Warrick, Patrica S. "Asimov and the Morality of Artificial Intelligence." Science Fiction. Ed. J. G. Cunningham. San Diego: Greenhaven, 2002. 169-77.

Zaki, Hoda M. "Utopia, Dystopia, and Ideology in the Science Fiction of Octavia Butler." Science Fiction Studies 17.2 (1990): 239-51. http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.montclair.edu:2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lfh&AN=23563309&site=ehost-live

Zamyatin, Yevgeny. "Letters." Zamyatin's We: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Gary Kern. Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1988. 263-306.

- - -. We. Trans. Natasha Randall. NY: Modern Library Classics, 2006.